Heat Transfer & Thermo Station
Conduction through a material, insulation stacks summed into R and U values with the wall drawn layer by layer, whole-surface heat loads, and net radiation. Covers §9.38–9.44 and §17.0.
Conduction: P = kAΔT/L
Layered Wall → R, U, Q̇
One layer per line: name k L (thermal conductivity W/m·K, thickness m) or name R value for a rated layer (m²·K/W).
Wall section to thickness scale — each layer labeled with its share of the total resistance. FIG. E08-1
Net Radiation: P = σAe(T⁴ − T_c⁴)
Thermal resistances in series add exactly like electrical ones — R_total = ΣL/k — and heat flow is the current: Q̇ = AΔT/R. The whole HVAC load calculation is Ohm's law wearing a sweater.